TRUE AXIS BIO
NAD
- CAS Number
- 53-84-9
- Molecular Formula
- C21H27N7O14P2
- Molecular Weight
- 663.4 g/mol
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLYNOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
TRUE AXIS BIO
Pinealon
- CAS Number
- 175175-23-2
- Molecular Formula
- C15H26N6O8
- Molecular Weight
- 418.40 g/mol
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLYNOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Pinealon
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide studied in neuronal signaling, oxidative-stress responses, cellular viability, gene-expression regulation, and cognitive research models. Intended strictly for controlled laboratory research.
For Research Use Only (RUO). Not for human or animal consumption.
Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Purchaser must meet all applicable age requirements.
SKU: TAB-PINE
Plain-English Summary
Research Overview
- What It Is
- Pinealon is a synthetic research tripeptide studied in neuronal signaling, oxidative-stress responses, cellular viability, gene-expression regulation, and cognitive research models.
It is also known as the EDR peptide because its three-amino-acid sequence consists of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine.
Published studies have examined Pinealon in cultured neuronal cells, other cellular models, and animals exposed to oxidative, metabolic, hypoxic, developmental, or age-related stress.
Pinealon remains an investigational research compound. Its long-term human safety, approved dosing, administration protocols, and therapeutic effectiveness have not been established for this research product. - Explanation
- Pinealon is a very short synthetic peptide made from three amino acids.
Researchers study it to understand how small peptide signals may influence nerve-cell survival, oxidative stress, gene activity, learning, memory, and other cellular responses.
A major research area involves reactive oxygen species. These are chemically reactive molecules that are produced during normal cellular activity but can contribute to cellular damage when their levels become excessive.
Laboratory studies have examined whether Pinealon changes reactive-oxygen-species levels and how cells respond to experimentally induced stress.
The available evidence is early-stage and does not establish that Pinealon safely improves memory, protects the human brain, slows aging, or treats a neurological condition. - Why It’s Researched
- Researchers study Pinealon in relation to oxidative stress, neuronal survival, cellular viability, gene-expression regulation, learning, memory, hypoxic stress, metabolic stress, and age-related neuronal changes.
Cell-culture studies have examined Pinealon in cerebellar neurons, neutrophils, and PC12 cells exposed to experimentally induced oxidative stress. Some experiments reported lower reactive-oxygen-species accumulation, reduced necrotic cell death, and changes in cellular proliferation under the specific conditions studied.
Animal research has evaluated Pinealon in models involving prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia, hypoxic stress, experimental diabetes, cognitive performance, and neuronal resistance to cellular injury.
Other laboratory studies have examined whether the EDR peptide influences the expression of genes and proteins involved in neuronal function, apoptosis, antioxidant responses, and cellular aging.
More recent in-vitro research has also evaluated EDR in human fibroblast-derived induced neurons as a model of neuronal aging.
Most Pinealon findings come from a relatively narrow body of laboratory and animal research. These results require additional independent replication and do not establish approved clinical effectiveness or a validated human-use protocol. - Storage Instructions
- Do not enter a specific temperature unless your supplier documentation or batch-specific records confirm it. Store and handle according to the instructions provided with the applicable batch documentation. Protect the material from excessive heat, light, moisture, contamination, and conditions that could compromise product identity or research integrity. Maintain appropriate laboratory records for receipt, storage, handling, preparation, testing, and disposal. For laboratory research only.
Once reconstituted, store at the verified temperature specified for the exact product or formulation when such guidance is available.
Product-Specific Information
Scientific Details
- Scientific Context
- Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide, meaning it contains three amino-acid residues.
Its sequence is:
Glu-Asp-Arg
The one-letter abbreviation is:
EDR
Glu represents glutamic acid, Asp represents aspartic acid, and Arg represents arginine.
Because Pinealon contains only three amino acids, it belongs to a class of ultrashort peptides studied as possible cellular signaling and gene-regulatory molecules.
One major research area involves oxidative stress.
Reactive oxygen species, commonly abbreviated as ROS, are produced during normal metabolism and cellular signaling. Excessive ROS accumulation can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and other cellular structures.
Laboratory studies have exposed neuronal and other cell types to conditions designed to increase oxidative stress. Under some experimental conditions, Pinealon was associated with lower measured ROS accumulation, reduced necrotic cell death, and changes in cellular viability.
These findings are specific to the cells, concentrations, stressors, and laboratory methods used. They do not establish antioxidant, neuroprotective, or therapeutic effects in humans.
Pinealon has also been examined in neuronal gene-expression research.
Some investigators propose that ultrashort peptides may enter cells and influence gene activity through interactions involving DNA, histones, regulatory regions, or gene-associated proteins.
Studies involving EDR have reported changes in genes and proteins connected to neuronal function, apoptosis, antioxidant defenses, cellular metabolism, and neuroplasticity.
These proposed gene-regulatory mechanisms remain areas of investigation. They should not be described as fully established mechanisms in humans.
Animal studies have examined Pinealon in models involving prenatal metabolic stress, hypoxia, experimentally altered glucose metabolism, learning, and memory.
For example, one rat study evaluated offspring exposed to prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia and reported differences in cognitive testing and neuronal resistance to oxidative stress following experimental Pinealon exposure.
Another line of research evaluated Pinealon and related short peptides in hypobaric-hypoxia models.
Results from these animal models cannot be assumed to predict human neurological, cognitive, anti-aging, or therapeutic outcomes.
Pinealon has also appeared in research involving aging and neurodegenerative-disease models. Laboratory studies have evaluated neuronal viability, dendritic structures, apoptosis-related proteins, oxidative-stress pathways, and gene-expression patterns associated with cellular aging.
A recent study used neurons generated from human fibroblasts to examine the effects of EDR and other short peptides in an in-vitro model of neuronal aging.
This remains experimental laboratory research and is not proof that Pinealon prevents cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dementia, or another neurological condition.
Pinealon should not be described as a proven nootropic, memory enhancer, anti-aging treatment, sleep treatment, pineal-gland restorative compound, or neuroprotective medication.
Its human pharmacology, bioavailability, long-term safety, drug interactions, effective dose, and appropriate administration methods have not been established for this research product.
Mechanism Snapshot
Targets & Pathways
- Common Research Areas
- • Neuronal signaling
• Oxidative-stress responses
• Reactive-oxygen-species research
• Cellular viability
• Neuronal survival
• Necrotic cell-death research
• Apoptosis-related signaling
• Gene-expression regulation
• Protein-synthesis regulation
• Neuroplasticity research
• Dendritic-spine research
• Learning and memory models
• Cognitive-performance research
• Hypoxic-stress research
• Prenatal metabolic-stress models
• Hyperhomocysteinemia research
• Glucose-metabolism research models
• Antioxidant-enzyme expression
• Cellular aging research
• Fibroblast-derived induced-neuron models
• Neurodegenerative-disease research models
• Ultrashort peptide signaling
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